![]() ![]() CMV has evolved to infect more than 1,200 species, comprising more than eighty plant families and has been dispersed worldwide ( Palukaitis and Garcia-Arenal 2003). However, mechanistic links between diversity, virulence, and in vivo selective pressures are little understood in the crop fields.Ĭucumber mosaic virus (CMV genus Cucumovirus, family Bromoviridae) is one of the most successful RNA viruses for host adaptation and dispersion. In this sense, the widespread use of resistant cultivars may apply significant selective pressures to direct the adaptive virulence evolution of viruses in crop fields ( Garcia-Andres et al. RNA viruses, the largest group of plant viruses, are known to have a rapid evolutionary rate due to error-prone replication and short generation times, allowing for fast virulence changes to sustain infection ( Cabanillas et al. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and depend on their hosts for most aspects of the life cycle, they have thus evolved under host-interactive constraints ( Roossinck 2003 Lauring et al. IntroductionĪnalyzing the genetic diversity and population structure of a virus is an essential approach for understanding its evolutionary history and related mechanisms that drive its evolution and dispersion. ![]() Therefore, deployment of a single resistance gene may reduce resistance durability against CMV and more integrated approaches are warranted for successful control of CMV in pepper.Ĭucumber mosaic virus, RNA virus, evolution, resistance-breaking, pepper 1. Our findings suggest that resistance-driven selective pressures on RNA1 might have contributed in shaping the unique evolutionary pattern of CMV in pepper. We also demonstrated that nonsynonymous mutations in RNA1 encoding the 1a protein enabled CMV to overcome the deployed resistance in pepper. Our population genetics analysis revealed that the high divergence capacity of CMV RNA1 might have played an essential role in the host-interactive evolution of CMV and in shaping the CMV population structure in pepper. In this study, we examined the molecular and evolutionary characteristics of recently emerged, resistance-breaking CMV variants infecting pepper. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a plant RNA virus with high evolutionary capacity, has caused endemic disease in various crops worldwide, including pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), because of frequent emergence of resistance-breaking variants. While the deployment of host resistance in crops is the most efficient means to control various viruses, host resistance itself can act as strong selective pressure and thus play a critical role in the evolution of virus virulence. see locator strategy in the evolutionary history of a virus and the mechanisms influencing the direction of its evolution is essential for the development of more durable strategies to control the virus in crop fields. should be careful if plan to create scenario involved with iframe.Įlement#id is not supported in geckodriver, the open ticket was filled on Nov 2, 2017. Firefox known problemĬannot access dead object, the open ticket was filled on April 8, 2017. Hang or Error(from selenium-standalone): safaridriver could not launch because it is not configured correctly, need to open a terminal console and manually configure as a super user: "sudo safaridriver -enable". Safari Technology Preview to get the latest update of the webdriver included in Safari.Įnable "Allow Remote Automation", go to menu "Develop > Allow Remote Automation" & make sure it is checked. driver.version: unknown need to down-grade selenium-standalone to ~6.15.0 Safari known problem Scenario: Navigate to Google Given I open the url "" Then I expect that the title is "Google" Scenario: Search cucumber-test When I type "cucumber-test" to the inputfield "$" Then I expect that element "a" becomes visibleĮxport NODE_TLS_REJECT_UNAUTHORIZED=0 Tips Selenium-standalone known problemĮRROR: Unable to create new service. Please check the developer tools security options, ensure them to be checked. Sample usage can be seen on the example below Search on Google, when it get executed on the desktop browser like chrome, firefox or IE, it will pickup scenario and the will be filteredĪnd viceversa will happened when it get executed on mobile. ![]() _firefox > _url: / _mainUrl ex: => _mainUrl: / _non_url ex: => _non_url: / _non_mainUrl ex: => _non_mainUrl: / _waitForUrl ex: => _waitForUrl: / search // Selector, it can be css or xpath (without _$ ex: => _$: //*//button // _cookies ex: => _cookies: user = alex, locale = US // for _debug
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